The majority of the patients control the parasitemia, survive the acute phase, and enter into an indeterminate form of the disease that may last for many years or even indefinitely. cruzi induces several alterations in the infected mammal including intense polyclonal activation of lymphocytes, transient thymic aplasia, and other clinical hematological findings. The acute infection is characterized by patent parasite burden. Patients can also transmit the disease either by in utero infection leading to the congenitally acquired disease or by accidental transmission through contaminated blood. The infection is naturally transmitted by triatomine vectors (“kissing bugs”), from the south of the USA to the southern region of South America, although chagasic patients are in fact dispersed worldwide due to migrations. With an estimated global burden of 100 million people at risk, 8 million already infected, and approximately 40,000 new cases/year, Chagas' disease represents a major health and economic problem in Latin America. Chagas' disease, the American trypanosomiasis, is a chronic disabling parasitic disease caused by the flagellate protozoon Trypanosoma cruzi.
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